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Abstract: Africa’s Great Lakes region has known conflict for a considerable period of time, and this has been met with several initiatives aimed at managing the situation in a sustainable way. One such initiative was the Multi-country Demobilisation and Reintegration Programme (MDRP), led by the World Bank, from 2002 to 2009. The initiative, which looked at selected countries in the Great Lakes, focussed on the demobilisation and reintegration of former fighters, with the main objective being to improve the livelihoods of affected communities. Despite the challenges that the MDRP encountered, the programme realised a number of successes and brought to the fore numerous lessons learned. It is these lessons that this monograph has sought to document, with the hope of contributing to the better planning of similar programmes in future. The monograph uses case studies of the Central African Republic and the Republic of Congo to illustrate how the MDRP was implemented, while Liberia is included as a control case.
Abstract: This paper identifies the factors linked to cross-country differentials in growth performance in the aftermath of social conflict for 30 sub-Saharan African countries using panel data techniques. Our results show that changes in the terms of trade are the most important correlate of economic performance in post-conflict environments. This variable is typically associated with an increase in the marginal probability of positive economic performance by about 30 percent. Institutional quality emerges as the second most important factor. Foreign aid is shown to have very limited ability to explain differentials in growth performance, and other policy variables such as trade openness are not found to have a statistically significant effect. The results suggest that exogenous factors ("luck") are an important factor in post-conflict recovery. They also highlight the importance in post-conflict settings of policies to mitigate the macroeconomic impact of terms of trade volatility (including countercyclical macroeconomic policies and innovative financing instruments) and of policies to promote export diversification.
Abstract: Despite the religious diversity in sub‐Saharan Africa and the religious overtones in a number
of African conflicts, social science research has inadequately addressed the question of how
and to what extent religion matters for conflict in Africa. This paper presents an innovative
data inventory on religion and violent conflict in all sub‐Saharan countries for the period
1990–2008 that seeks to contribute to filling the gap. The data underscore that religion has to
be accounted for in conflict in Africa. Moreover, results show the multidimensionality (e.g.
armed conflicts with religious incompatibilities, several forms of non‐state religious violence)
and ambivalence (inter‐religious networks, religious peace initiatives) of religion vis‐à‐vis violence.
In 22 of the 48 sub‐Saharan countries, religion plays a substantial role in violence, and
six countries in particular—Chad, Congo‐Brazzaville, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan and Uganda—
are heavily affected by different religious aspects of violence.
Abstract: The worldwide trade in small arms feeds on and prolongs Africa’s poverty and instability. This article explores the legal and illegal aspects of the trade. There are the sanction-makers and sanction-breakers. What they share are the lucrative profits from the misery of others. Arms dealers forge documents, bend national and international regulations out of all shape, bribe officials, form shell companies that change sometimes daily and are based all over the world. They resemble drug dealers except that they wreak far more death, destruction and chaos. However, there’s no billion-dollar-a-year war on arms like there is on drugs.
Abstract: This map shows the location by village in the Republic of Congo of 114,017 total refugees from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Data updated 15 February 2010.
Abstract: The illegal economic exploitation of artisanal mining areas by military forces is a persistent problem in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), even in areas such as northern Katanga Province that are in transition to peace. Many former rebels and militia have not demobilized or been properly integrated into new army structures, and the benefits they derive from mining serve as a disincentive to do so. The government seems to tacitly condone the practice. Continued militarization of mining areas is associated with human right abuses, is an obstacle to military reform and prevents the artisanal mining sector from contributing to post-conflict reconstruction.
There is little political will to completely demilitarize mining areas. However, some steps could be taken to promote gradual demilitarization. Military authorities could be convinced to punish abuse and reward moderation among units that exploit mines. Formalization of artisanal mining, including the official registration of mining zones, could increase civilian presence and intensify public scrutiny of military behaviour.
The international community should enhance its support to efforts initiated by United Nations peacekeepers and the Congolese mining authorities to re-establish civilian control over mines and trading centres in the entire eastern DRC, including northern Katanga.
Abstract: By all indications, and from the evidence gathered
for this year’s Diamonds and Human
Security Annual Review, the Kimberley Process
(KP), designed to halt and prevent the return
of “conflict diamonds”, is failing. The cost of a
collapse would be disastrous for an industry
that benefits so many countries, and for the
millions of people in developing countries who
depend, directly and indirectly on it. A criminalized
diamond economy would re-emerge
and conflict diamonds could soon follow. The
problems can and must be fixed.
Accountability is the primary issue. There is no
KP central authority. The “chair” rotates annually
and has virtually no responsibility beyond a
convening function. Problems are shifted from
one “working group” to another; debates on
vital issues extend for years. “Consensus” in
the KP means that everyone must agree; a single
dissenter can block forward movement.
Nobody takes responsibility for action or inaction,
failure or success; the Kimberley Process
has no core body apart from its annual “plenary
meeting” and thus nobody is held responsible
for anything.
The Kimberley Process Certification Scheme
(KPCS) has a peer review mechanism which
reviews each member’s compliance roughly
once every three years. Some reviews are thorough
and recommendations are heeded. In
many cases, however, recommendations are
ignored, and there is little or no follow-up —
this has been the case in the past with DRC
and Angola. And, as this Annual Review notes,
some reviews are completely bogus. In 2008, a
bloated, nine-member team visited Guinea, a
country beset by corruption, weak diamond
controls, and almost certain smuggling. The
team spent less than two hours outside the
capital and its report remained unfinished for
almost 11 months. A team visited Venezuela in
2008 but its makeup, agenda and itinerary
were dictated entirely by the Venezuelan government.
NGOs were barred and there were no visits to mining areas or border towns.
Zimbabwe, rife with smuggling and gross diamond-
related human rights abuse, consumed
months of ineffectual internal KP debate. In the
end, the KP agreed on a review mission, but only
after being publicly shamed into action by NGO
and media reports. The result is a lowest-common-
denominator “consensus” and continuing
inaction.
Abstract: Africa’s natural resources have for many decades
been a source of power and wealth for the continent’s
ruling elites and multinational corporations,
and less often for Africans themselves.
Tragically and repeatedly, competition for control
of revenues from natural resources has fueled
cycles of corruption, conflict and poverty, forestalling
opportunities to spur economic growth
and social development.
As global mineral and petroleum resources grow
scarcer on other continents, and new African
sources come into production, resource-rich
African nations are earning rising profits from
their natural wealth. If these resources are to be
used effectively and harnessed for development,
more accountable and transparent mechanisms
must be developed and supported by governments,
multinational corporations, legislative
bodies, political parties, civic organizations and
the media.
This report is an effort to help elected political
officials – particularly those in the legislative
branch of government – serve as constructive
leaders in improving the oversight and management
of their countries’ natural resources.
Abstract: Just as peace is not simply the absence of war,
an end to conflict diamonds does not necessarily
mean that diamonds will create prosperity
or that human security will prevail in the
areas where they are mined. The campaign to
halt conflict diamonds has largely succeeded,
although the phenomenon continues in Côte
d’Ivoire, seemingly beyond the ingenuity and
the powers of the 75 governments represented
in the Kimberley Process (KP) and the
world’s entire diamond industry. But the KP
challenge today is not just Côte d’Ivoire; the
larger challenge is to ensure that diamonds are
controlled and tracked in ways that prevent a
return of the much more deadly diamondfuelled
wars of the past.
Diamonds are not just symbols of love, fidelity
and purity, they are the most concentrated
form of wealth on earth, and because of that,
they attract problems. A raid on a Damiani
showroom in Milan netted thieves as much as
$30 million in diamond jewellery in February.
That was just one of many diamond heists. If
you Google “diamond theft 2008” you will
find more than five million articles. It stands to
reason, therefore, that conflict diamonds could
return to countries where development is
stunted and governance weak. That is why
organizations like the Diamond Development
Initiative (DDI) are so important, and why
efforts to bring greater transparency to the
extractive sector need all the support they can
get. The intergovernmental Extractive
Industries Transparency Initiative and the NGOled
Publish What You Pay Campaign are key
elements in this.
Partnership Africa Canada (PAC) has been a
leader in the campaign against conflict diamonds
since 1999. It has been, and remains an
active member of all Kimberley Process meetings
and working groups. We have produced
several background studies on diamond-related
issues, 17 occasional papers and a quarterly newsletter, "Other Facets". All are available on
the PAC website (www.pacweb.org).
Starting in 2003, we began to publish standalone
Annual Reviews of the Diamond Industry
on Sierra Leone, the Democratic Republic of
the Congo and Angola. The Annual Reviews,
published in English (all), French (DRC) and
Portuguese (Angola) aimed to provide governments,
civil society and investors with information
that would be helpful in the promotion of
greater transparency and more positive developmental
outcomes. The Annual Reviews have
been widely quoted and have become documents
of record on the diamond industries in
those countries.
For 2008 we have taken a different approach,
expanding the project to cover more countries,
but producing one report rather than three.
This report — Diamonds and Human Security
Annual Review 2008 — concentrates on the
three countries most seriously affected by diamond-
fuelled conflict – Angola, DRC and
Sierra Leone – but we have also included articles
on countries touched by those conflicts, or
where internal controls over diamonds, and
where development considerations, remain
problematic.
Abstract: La région des Grands Lacs en Afrique centrale et orientale
a été ravagée par des confl its pendant plus de dix
ans. Les guerres dans la région ont conduit à des mouvements
massifs de population, qui ont eux-mêmes
constitué un motif supplémentaire de confl it. Par exemple,
l’un des fl ux de population les plus importants
et les plus rapides de l’histoire récente a fait suite au
génocide de 1994 au Rwanda qui a causé la mort de
près d’un million de personnes. Des acteurs armés et
des auteurs de violations graves des droits de l’homme
étaient mêlés à une foule de réfugiés authentiques
dans ce fl ux sans précédent. L’incapacité de gérer cette
situation complexe a contribué au déclenchement et
à la poursuite du confl it en République Démocratique
du Congo (RDC).
Aujourd’hui, la région s’efforce de revenir sur la voie
de la paix et du développement. Des accords de paix
ont été signés au Burundi, au Sud Soudan et en RDC.
Des négociations sont en cours pour mettre un terme
à la guerre dans le nord de l’Ouganda avec le soutien
de plusieurs Etats africains. Grâce à ces évolutions, un
grand nombre de réfugiés et de personnes déplacées à
l’intérieur de leur propre pays («personnes déplacées»)
ont été en mesure de rentrer chez eux dans l’ensemble
de la région, que ce soit en Angola, au Burundi, au
Sud Soudan et, dans une certaine mesure, dans le
nord de l’Ouganda. Ce guide a été conçu pour aider les lecteurs à comprendre
le cadre politique, juridique et institutionnel de la
CIRGL. Il se concentre sur les trois protocoles du pilier
social et humanitaire de la Conférence internationale
sur la région des Grands Lacs les plus pertinents pour
la protection des droits des personnes déplacées.3 Nous
espérons que ce guide aidera les défenseurs des droits
des personnes déplacées dans la région à utiliser le Pacte
sur les Grands Lacs pour élaborer des politiques et des
décisions au bénéfi ce des personnes déplacées.
Abstract: The Great Lakes region of central and eastern Africa has been torn apart by conflict for more than a decade. The region's wars have resulted in, and have been further propelled by, massive population movements. For example, one of the largest and fastest population flows in recent history followed the 1994 genocide in Rwanda which claimed nearly a million lives. This unprecedented flow included armed actors and those who had committed serious human rights abuses, amid throngs of genuine refugees. The failure to address this complex situation contributed to the outbreak and continuation of conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It was in response to these linked challenges and the need to tackle them comprehensively and transnationally that the United Nations (UN) and African Union (AU) initiated the International Conference on the Great Lakes Region (ICGLR). The objective was to bring all the countries of the region together "to dialogue and agree on a strategy to bring peace and prosperity to the Great Lakes region." This Guide is intended to help readers understand the political, legal and institutional framework of the ICGLR. It focuses on the three protocols in the social and humanitarian pillar which are the most relevant for protecting the rights of displaced people. We hope that the Guide will help advocates for the rights of displaced people in the region to use the Great Lakes Pact to shape policies and decisions for the benefit of the displaced.
Abstract: Le Programme multi-pays de démobilisation et de réintégration (MDRP) est une initiative, menée par plusieurs organismes, qui apporte un appui à la démobilisation et la réintégration des ex-combattants dans la Région élargie des Grands Lacs, en Afrique Centrale. Le MDRP est le programme le plus important de cette nature dans le monde et l'on estime qu'il vise actuellement à atteindre 450.000 ex-combattants dans sept pays : l'Angola, le Burundi, l'Ouganda, la République centrafricaine, la République Démocratique du Congo, la République du Congo et le Rwanda.
Abstract: Points saillants :
• Plus de 70 000 congolais expulsés d’Angola se trouvent dans les provinces du Bandundu,
du Bas-Congo, du Kasai Oriental, du Kasai Occidental et du Katanga.
• 500 000 USD de la FAO au gouvernement congolais pour atténuer l’impact de la hausse des
prix sur les groupes vulnérables.
Abstract: Le Programme multi-pays de démobilisation et de réintégration (MDRP) est une initiative, menée par plusieurs organismes, qui apporte un appui à la démobilisation et la réintégration des ex-combattants dans la Région élargie des Grands Lacs, en Afrique Centrale. Le MDRP est le programme le plus important de cette nature dans le monde et l'on estime qu'il vise actuellement à atteindre 450.000 ex-combattants dans sept pays : l'Angola, le Burundi, l'Ouganda, la République centrafricaine, la République Démocratique du Congo, la République du Congo et le Rwanda.
Abstract: La CEA/BSR-AC vient de lancer la onzième édition de son trimestriel avec pour nouveau titre: "Echos d'Afrique Centrale" afin d'ouvrir un espace plus large aux activités et événements relatifs au développement socioéconomique de la sous-region.
Abstract: Le Programme multi-pays de démobilisation et de réintégration (MDRP) est une initiative, menée par plusieurs organismes, qui apporte un appui à la démobilisation et la réintégration des ex-combattants dans la Région élargie des Grands Lacs, en Afrique Centrale. Le MDRP est le programme le plus important de cette nature dans le monde et l'on estime qu'il vise actuellement à atteindre 450.000 ex-combattants dans sept pays : l'Angola, le Burundi, l'Ouganda, la République centrafricaine, la République Démocratique du Congo, la République du Congo et le Rwanda.
Abstract: Le Programme multi-pays de démobilisation et de réintégration (MDRP) est une initiative, menée par plusieurs organismes, qui apporte un appui à la démobilisation et la réintégration des ex-combattants dans la Région élargie des Grands Lacs, en Afrique Centrale. Le MDRP est le programme le plus important de cette nature dans le monde et l'on estime qu'il vise actuellement à atteindre 450.000 ex-combattants dans sept pays : l'Angola, le Burundi, l'Ouganda, la République centrafricaine, la République Démocratique du Congo, la République du Congo et le Rwanda.
Abstract: En dépit des dégâts encore tangibles des guerres civiles récurrentes, la République du Congo se trouve aujourd’hui à la croisée des chemins. La flambée des cours du pétrole et les perspectives d’allégement de la dette dans le cadre de l’initiative renforcée en faveur des pays pauvres très endettés (PPTE) ont en effet créé des conditions financières favorables pour un sentier de croissance soutenable plus élevée à moyen terme et pour la réalisation des Objectifs duMillénaire pour le développement (OMD).Toutefois, la croissance rapide et le niveau élevé des dépenses de l’État dans un contexte caractérisé par de fortes contraintes d’absorption et de capacités administratives risquent de compromettre la stabilité macro-économique, la viabilité des finances
publiques et la compétitivité extérieure.
Abstract: Ce rapport contient des résumés sur les régions suivants: Afrique australe, Afrique de l’Est, Afrique de l’Ouest et Afrique centrale, et Afrique centrale, et aussi sur les thèmes suivantes: le double défi de la tuberculose et du VIH, circonsion masculine et préventions du VIH, epidémies latentes parmi les hommes ayant des rapports sexuels avec des hommes, la consommation de drogues injectables: un facteur croissant dans plusiers épidémies de VIH de L'Afrique Subsaharienne, et signes de changements vers des comportements à moindre risque.
Abstract: Le Programme multi-pays de démobilisation et de réintégration (MDRP) est une initiative, menée par plusieurs organismes, qui apporte un appui à la démobilisation et la réintégration des ex-combattants dans la Région élargie des Grands Lacs, en Afrique Centrale. Le MDRP est le programme le plus important de cette nature dans le monde et l'on estime qu'il vise actuellement à atteindre 450.000 ex-combattants dans sept pays : l'Angola, le Burundi, l'Ouganda, la République centrafricaine, la République Démocratique du Congo, la République du Congo et le Rwanda.
Abstract: Le Programme multi-pays de démobilisation et de réintégration (MDRP) est une initiative, menée par plusieurs organismes, qui apporte un appui à la démobilisation et la réintégration des ex-combattants dans la Région élargie des Grands Lacs, en Afrique Centrale. Le MDRP est le programme le plus important de cette nature dans le monde et l'on estime qu'il vise actuellement à atteindre 450.000 ex-combattants dans sept pays : l'Angola, le Burundi, l'Ouganda, la République centrafricaine, la République Démocratique du Congo, la République du Congo et le Rwanda.
Abstract: Le Programme multi-pays de démobilisation et de réintégration (MDRP) est une initiative, menée par plusieurs organismes, qui apporte un appui à la démobilisation et la réintégration des ex-combattants dans la Région élargie des Grands Lacs, en Afrique Centrale. Le MDRP est le programme le plus important de cette nature dans le monde et l'on estime qu'il vise actuellement à atteindre 450.000 ex-combattants dans sept pays : l'Angola, le Burundi, l'Ouganda, la République centrafricaine, la République Démocratique du Congo, la République du Congo et le Rwanda.
Abstract: Du 31 octobre au 2 novembre 2005, le Secrétariat de la Banque Mondiale/MDRP a organisé un atelier de consultation visant à renforcer le genre dans les programmes nationaux du MDRP. Environ 80 participants provenant de sept délégations nationales (Angola, Burundi, République Centrafricaine, République Démocratique du Congo, République du Congo, Rwanda et Ouganda), l’UNICEF, le PNUD, l’ONUB, la MONUC, l’UNIFEM, la société civile et le Secrétariat du MDRP y ont participé ainsi que des experts internationaux en matière du genre et du DDR, de même que les femmes ex-combattantes de la région.
Abstract: From October 31 to November 2, 2005, the World Bank/MDRP Secretariat and UNIFEM held a consultation workshop aimed at strengthening gender in the MDRP national programs. Approximately 80 participants from the seven national delegations (Angola, Burundi, Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of Congo, the Republic of Congo, Rwanda and Uganda), UNICEF, UNDP, ONUB, MONUC, UNIFEM, civil society, and the MDRP Secretariat participated, as well as international experts on gender and DDR, and women ex-combatants from the region.
Abstract: Actualisation du rapport du Groupe d’action judiciaire de la FIDH
Développements et enjeux des procédures en cours en France, en République du Congo et devant la Cour internationale de Justice Décembre 2001 - novembre 2007
A la veille de l’ouverture à Brazzaville de la 42ème session de la Commission africaine des droits de l’Homme et des Peuples, le Groupe d’action judiciaire (GAJ) de la FIDH met à jour son rapport récapitulatif sur les procédures en cours concernant l’affaire des "disparus du Beach".
